对承租人使用金康94’合同的一些修改建议(2) |
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时间:2009-08-26 |
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5.装卸货物条款(Loading/Discharging)
该条款(a)段规定了承租人应该负责货物的装卸的工作,并且所有的风险、责任、花费都要算在承租人的头上,这条对承租人是很不公平的。因为承租人对装卸货可能并不了解,而对于货物的积载对船舶的稳性影响更会是一无所知。所以第一句话可以改为将花费算在承租人的帐上,而船长要监督承租人的装卸工作,并且责任要出租人负责。该法可以参考NYPE93’的相关条款:“the Charterers shall perform all cargo handling, including but not limited to loading, stowing, trimming, lashing, securing, dunnaging, unlashing, discharging, and tallying, at their risk and expense, under the supervision of the Master and responsibility.” 该条款的(a)段中,对承租人比较危险还有对于垫舱物料的规定。金康94’中规定承租人负责弄走垫舱料,而且装卸时间或滞期时间照算,直到承租人弄掉垫舱料为止。而如果当时承租人找不到装卸工人,或是岸上规定不准弃置垫舱物料的话,承租人可能就要为此承担风险。所以,承租人可以在(a)段最后加上:“The Charterers shall have the option of remaining dunnage on board and paying ….. USD to the Owners.”使其以支付一笔金额给出租人,代替弄走垫舱物料的绝对责任。
而对于其后的(c)段,承租人也可以作类似的修改,使承租人在船有损坏的状态下还船时,可不必修理,而是支付一笔未修理费用(estimated unrepaired damage)给船东。
6.装卸时间条款(Laytime)
该条款是整个金康94’在实践中争议最多的条款,不仅是因为该条款对船东保护较多,还因为在实践中,该条款变化很多。
在保护船方利益的金康94’下,并没有中断装卸时间的免责条款。这会带来装卸时间的延误,只要不是出租人有错,或者是出租人为了自己的利益,装卸时间就要一直算下去。而承租人可以做的,就是加入一条广泛免责条款,比如Stemmor租约格式下的第5条款:“The lost at any time by reason of all or any of the following causes shall not be computed in the loading or discharge time or as demurrage viz :War , Rebellion , Tumults , Civil Commotions , Insurrections , Political Disturbances , Epidemics , Quarantine , Riots , Strikes , Lock-outs , Stoppage of Miners , Workmen , Lightermen , Tugboatmen , or other hands essential to the Working , Carriage , Delivery , Shipment or Discharge of the said cargo whether partial or general , or Accidents at the mines , at Receiver’s Works or wharf , Landslips , Floods , Frost on Rivers , Canals or on Railways , or any other causes beyond control of Charterers.”加入这类广泛免责条款的好处也是显而易见的:港口拥挤、承租人违约等情况下的时间损失一般都可转移给出租人,即停止计算装卸时间,而一条广泛免责条款还可以去明示可中断滞期时间。
针对装卸时间的起算,金康94’只给了很短的通知时间(Notice Time),如在中午12点递交通知,装卸时间在下午1点即开始计算。而在租约大多数都长于这时间的情况下,承租人大可以修改此条款,延长通知时间。比如,可以使用Stemmor租约格式的写法:“Time for loading to count from 8 a.m., on next working day after the Ship is reported and ready, and in free pratique and written notice tendered and accepted (whether in berth or not), and for discharging from 8 a.m., on next working day after the Ship is reported and in every respect ready, and in free pratique and written notice tendered and accepted (whether in berth or not). Steamer to be reported during official hours only.”这样可使承租人有充分时间作装卸准备。
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